| 1. Malaria |
The First Page of
Malaria Site |
| 2. What Is Malaria |
Introduction to
the problem of malaria, its extent and magnitude. |
| 3. History Of Malaria |
Brief history of
malaria down the years, point-by-point. |
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4.
History of Origin of Malaria
Parasite And Its Spread |
History of Origin of Malaria
Parasites in Africa dating half billion years ago and evolution of
human malaria parasites and their spread across the globe in the
last 10000 years |
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5.
History of Malaria During Wars and Upheavals |
Malaria has always
been a part of wars and upheavals, changing the destiny of Kings and
nations |
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6.
History of Malaria And Its Famous Victims |
List of some
famous victims of malaria |
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7.
History of Malaria In Ancient
Literature |
Some references to
Malaria In Ancient Literature |
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8.
History of
Scientific Discoveries on Malaria |
History of
Scientific Discoveries on Malaria, from ancient times to the
present day |
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9.
Nobel Prizes for
Malaria |
List of Nobel
laureates who had worked for
Malaria |
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10.
Ronald Ross |
A brief
biography of Major General Ronald Ross and his work |
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11.
Alphonse Laveran |
A brief
biography of Alphonse Laveran and his work |
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12.
Paul Muller |
A brief
biography of Paul Muller and his work |
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13.
History of
anti
malaria treatment |
History of
anti
malaria treatment from ancient times to the present |
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14.
History of Malaria
Control |
History of Malaria
Control from pre-historic period to the present |
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15.
History of Malaria
And Its Control In India |
Brief History of Malaria
And Its Control In India |
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16. Malaria In India |
Provides
statistical details of malaria in the Indian subcontinent since the late 40s; how and why
the disease that was once nearly eradicated has made a dramatic comeback since the 60s;
also provides details about prophylaxis against malaria for travelers to India. |
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17. Malaria In Africa |
Country-wise distribution of
malaria in the African continent with information on species prevalence |
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18. Malaria In Asia/Middle East |
Country-wise distribution of
malaria in the Asian continent (also middle east) with information on species prevalence |
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19. Malaria In Europe/CIS |
Country-wise distribution of
malaria in the European continent and CIS countries with information on species prevalence |
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20. Malaria In Australia/Oceania |
Country-wise distribution of
malaria in Australia and Oceania with information on species prevalence |
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21. Malaria In North/Central America |
Country-wise distribution of
malaria North and Central America with information on species prevalence |
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22. Malaria In South America |
Country-wise distribution of
malaria South America with information on species prevalence |
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23. Malarial Parasite |
The classification
of the parasite causing malaria |
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24. Transmission |
The methods of
transmission of malaria; through Anopheles mosquito and other means |
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25. Anopheles Mosquito |
Details about the
vector of human malaria, the female anopheles mosquito - its habits, life styles etc. |
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26. Genome |
Genome of man,
Plasmodia and Anopheles have now been unravelled, igniting hopes of new methods for
disease control |
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27. Life Cycle |
Description of the
life-cycle of the malarial parasite - man-mosquito-man cycle |
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28. Pathophysiology |
Details of the
evolution of the disease in man following the injection of the malarial parasite into the
human blood by an infected mosquito. |
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29. Pathology |
The why and how of
the involvement of the various organs in the human body affected by malaria, particularly
in case of P. falciparum infection |
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30. Clinical Features |
A detailed account
of the myriad manifestations of malaria - typical and atypical; how malaria can mimic just
anything |
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31. Diagnosis of Malaria |
Approach to the
laboratory diagnosis of malaria, the various tests available, their comparison and how to
make use of them. |
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32. Staining Technique |
The methods of
preparation of the thick and thin peripheral blood smears and their staining |
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33. QBC |
The Quantitative
Buffy Coat test, developed by Becton and Dickenson, now used extensively in the diagnosis
of malaria at Mangalore |
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34. Rapid Diagnostic Tests |
RDTs are the new
modalities for diagnosis of malaria. A review of the pros and cons |
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35. Other Tests |
A brief overview
of rarely used methods of identifying MP |
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36. Differentiation |
Finer details of
the differentiating features among the four types of malarial parasites. |
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37. Diagnostic Approach |
A simple algorithm
for diagnosis of malaria in a case of fever |
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38. Evaluation |
A simple scheme to
evaluate the severity of patients with malaria, the parasite count etc. |
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39. Anti malarial drugs |
Classification of
various drugs used in the treatment of malaria; their quick comparison and the Salt-Base
table |
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40. Chloroquine |
The most
important, most effective, safest and cheapest anti malarial drug: All relevant details |
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41. Quinine |
One of the
time-tested drugs for the management of severe and/or chloroquine resistant P. falciparum
malaria |
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42. Pyrimethamine/Sulfadoxine |
Easy-to-use,
simple but relatively toxic drug for falciparum malaria |
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43. Mefloquine |
One of the newer
drugs for multi-drug resistant P. falciparum malaria |
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44. Halofantrine |
Newer drug for
drug resistant malaria |
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45. Artemisinin |
The derivatives of
a Chinese herb, these fast acting drugs are specially useful in treating cases of severe
P. falciparum malaria and resistant malaria |
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46. Chloroguanide (Proguanil) |
Safe drug used
mostly for prophylaxis of P. falciparum malaria |
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47. Tetracycline |
The ubiquitous
antimicrobial is useful in malaria too |
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48. Primaquine |
The only drug
available for the radical treatment of malaria |
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49. G6PD |
Inherited
deficiency of Glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase enzyme may pose problems for patients
receiving primaquine and/or sulfa |
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50. Other antimalarials |
Some new drugs
being tried in the management of malaria |
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51. Treatment: Aims and objectives |
The principles of
treatment; choice of antimalarial therapy; the concepts of presumptive and radical
treatment etc. |
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52. Treatment: Dose and administration of antimalarial drugs |
The dose and
methods of administration of the various antimalarial drugs, all at one place. Some
important points to consider in anti malaria therapy are also mentioned |
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53. Treatment of P. vivax malaria |
The drugs used;
assessment of response to treatment in a flow-chart |
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54. Treatment of P. falciparum malaria |
Drugs used;
differentiation of complicated and uncomplicated malaria, sensitive and drug-resistant
malaria; flow-chart of assessment of response to therapy |
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55. Antimalarial Combinations |
Combination of
antimalarials for P. falciparum is being promoted to overcome resistance, but with a
higher cost |
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56. Follow-up |
The 6th day
follow-up smear and its interpretation in a flow-chart |
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57. Complications of malaria |
Summary of
complications of malaria |
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58. Complications of P. falciparum malaria |
Summary of
complications in P. falciparum malaria |
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59. Cerebral malaria |
Cerebral malaria,
the most common cause of death in P. falciparum malaria; its causation, clinical features
and management |
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60. Lactic Acidosis |
Lactic cidosis is
recognised as an important problem in severe malaria |
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61. Cardiovascular complications |
Cardiovascular
complications of P. falciparum malaria including non-cardiogenic pulmonary oedema,
peripheral circulatory failure, cardiac arrhythmias etc. |
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62. Renal failure |
Acute kidney
failure due to P. falciparum malaria is a grave complication |
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63. Anemia |
Anemia is a common
complication in malaria, especially in pregnancy and in children. |
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64. Hypoglycemia |
Reduction in blood
sugar levels is an important complication in P. falciparum malaria, especially in
pregnancy and in patients treated with quinine. It often goes unnoticed. |
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65. Jaundice and hepatic dysfunction |
Jaundice is a
common manifestation in malaria |
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66. Hemolysis |
Destruction of red
blood cells can pose special problems in patients with severe malaria |
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67. Hyperparasitemia |
High levels of
parasite count is an indicator of severe infection and should be managed energetically |
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68. Bleeding and coagulation abnormalities |
Bleeding and
coagulation disorders have been reported in malaria and may indicate a poorer outcome |
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69. Fluid, electrolyte and acid-base disorders |
Dehydration,
hyponatremia and lactic acidosis can occur in malaria and careful fluid-electrolyte
management is very important. |
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70. Secondary infections |
Secondary
bacterial infections are not rare in malaria and these may pose problems in diagnosis and
management |
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71. Complications in vivax and malariae infections |
Although
complications are most common in P. falciparum malaria, P. vivax and P.
malariae infections can also cause certain specific complications |
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72. Malaria and pregnancy |
Malaria and
pregnancy are mutually aggravating conditions with adverse effects on the mother as well
as the foetus. |
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73. Malaria in children |
Malaria is a major
killer of children in the African countries. |
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74. Tropical Splenomegaly Syndrome |
Massive
enlargement of spleen in response to malarial infection is a peculiar complication of
malaria in certain communities. |
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75. Pre-existing diseases |
Patients with
certain pre-existing diseases like cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, C.N.S. diseases,
renal failure, myasthenia gravis etc. may have special problems due to malaria, its
treatment or prophylaxis. Antimalarial drugs may also interact with drugs used during
anaesthesia of surgical patients. |
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76. Malaria in HIV/AIDS |
Malaria may
present with atypical features in patients with H.I.V. infections. Studies from African
countries have tried to correlate these two diseases commonly found there. |
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77. Problems due to antimalarial drugs |
Drugs used in the
treatment of malaria may sometimes cause problems, confusing the treating physician |
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78. Recurrent Malaria |
Malaria is famous
for its recurring habit. Relapse, recrudescence, re-infection and resistance can all cause
recurrence of malaria. Identifying the cause for recurrence is very important for proper
management. |
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79. Resistant Malaria |
In the recent
years, resistance to antimalarial drugs has become challenging problem in controlling
malaria. |
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80. Drug resistance in Africa |
Country-wise distribution of
drug resistance in the African continent |
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81. Drug resistance in Asia/Middle east |
Country-wise distribution of
drug resistance in the Asian continent and middle east countries |
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82. Drug resistance in Australia and Oceania |
Country-wise distribution of
drug resistance in Australia and Oceania |
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83. Drug resistance in Europe/CIS |
Country-wise distribution of
drug resistance in the European continent and CIS countries |
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84. Drug resistance in North/Central America |
Country-wise distribution of
drug resistance in North and Central America |
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85. Drug resistance in South America |
Country-wise distribution of
drug resistance in South America |
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86. Malaria Vaccine |
Lot of research is
being conducted to find a vaccine against malaria, success may be round-the-corner. |
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87. Prophylaxis |
In the absence of
a vaccine, travelers to malarious areas have to depend on drugs for protection against
malaria. The various drugs used and their dosage are discussed here. Prophylaxis for
pregnant women, children, long-term travelers have also been discussed |
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88. Prophylaxis for travelers to Northern most parts of India |
The Indian states
of Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Sikkim are relatively free from malaria |
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89. Prophylaxis for travelers to most part of India |
The drugs and
dosage for travelers to most parts of India are discussed |
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90. Prophylaxis for travelers to North East India |
North East India
is known to have drug resistant malaria and the prophylaxis for these part is accordingly
modified. |
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91. Prophylaxis for travelers to African countries |
Drugs for protection against
malaria for travelers to African countries |
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92. Prophylaxis for travelers to Asia/Middle east |
Drugs for protection against
malaria for travelers to Asian and middle east countries |
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93. Prophylaxis for travelers to Australia and
Oceania |
Drugs for protection against
malaria for travelers to Australia and Oceania |
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94. Prophylaxis for travelers to Europe/CIS countries |
Drugs for protection against
malaria for travelers to Europe/CIS countries |
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95. Prophylaxis for travelers to North/central
America |
Drugs for protection against
malaria for travelers to North and central American countries |
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96. Prophylaxis for travelers to South America |
Drugs for protection against
malaria for travelers to South American countries |
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97. Control of Malaria |
Control of malaria
is a difficult task and it is impossible to achieve without the active participation of
the community. |
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98. Mosquito Control |
How mosquito control measures
help malaria control |
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99. Source reduction |
Measures to control mosquito
breeding |
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100. Adult mosquito control |
Measures to control adult
mosquitoes |
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101. Personal protection |
Personal protection measures
against mosquito bites |
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102. Malaria in Mangalore |
Malaria has come
back with vengeance to this peaceful city of Mangalore on the shores of the Arabian Sea.
The causes for its comeback, the voluntary initiative of some young doctors in controlling
the disease are discussed here. Also, prophylaxis for travelers to Mangalore is discussed. |
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103. Common errors in the management of malaria |
Common mistakes in
diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of malaria are discussed |
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104. Links to related sites |
Some important
links to relevant and interesting sites on malaria are listed here |
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105. Commoner's FAQ |
Frequently Asked
Questions by Commoner on Malaria |
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106. Physician's FAQ |
Frequently Asked
Questions by Physicians on Malaria |
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107. Chloroquine induced muscle disease |
A report on
macrophagic myofasciitis, supposedly induced by chloroquine |
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108. Questions by visitors |
Questions asked by
visitors to Dr. B.S. Kakkilaya's malaria web site since January 1999 (earlier hosted on
Geocities) |
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109. Comments |
Comments by
visitors to Dr. B.S. Kakkilaya's malaria web site since January 1999 (earlier hosted on
Geocities) |
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110. Definitions of malaria |
A list of some
definitions and indices of malaria, useful in epidemiological work |
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111.
MCC & MCAC launch anti-malaria drive |
Anti-malaria drive launched by Mangalore City Corporation & Malaria Control Action Committee
in Mangalore |
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112.
Malaria In Mangalore - Poster |
Poster on Malaria In Mangalore, presented at Oxford Conference
on Tropical Diseases in September 2000 |
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113.
Treatment of Malaria in
Mangalore |
Guidelines for treatment of malaria in
Mangalore |
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114.
Another Promising Malaria
Vaccine? |
A new promising malaria
vaccine candidate |
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115.
GM Mosquitoes To
Fight Malaria |
GM
Mosquitoes may prove to be a new tool to fight malaria in
future |
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116.
Turmeric for Malaria |
Turmeric may have anti-malaria properties |
